Anabolic Steriods Essay

Also known as Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Commentary Informative speech on characteristics of Steroids, and what effects they have on the human body. General Purpose: To Inform. Specific Purpose: To present facts concerning the use of Steroids. Joshua Stone Introduction: I. ATTENTION GETTER: Let me ask you something; would you take a pill to get bigger and gain muscle in order to do more push-ups or sit-ups on PT Test? Would you give yourself a shot to become faster on your 2 mile run? Of course someone would if they wouldn’t get caught. Some would say that in our profession as a Soldier it is always based on â€Å"WHAT IS YOUR PT SCORE†. Not on how well you do your job, or lead Soldiers. Now if you said yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ask yourself if you would do either of these two things knowing that you are putting yourself at serious health risks. In recent report, The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) uncovered an alarming statistic: more than a half million students in the 8th and 10th grade are currently using some form of anabolic steroids. Retrieved from http:\www.steroidabuse.org. II. PREVIEW POINTS: a. HISTORICAL PRESPECTIVE: 1. Definition in scientific terms 2. Origins and when discovered b. WHAT STEROIDS ARE AND HAVE BEEN USED FOR c. WHO USES STEROIDS AND WHY d. THE POTENTIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS Body: I. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: A. SCIENTIFIC DEFINTION: Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Testosterone, the natural male hormone that is produced primarily by the testes in men, is responsible for the androgenic (Masculizing, and the anabolic (Tissue building) effects noted during male adolescence and adulthood. Charles Yesalis Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. (2nd ED.) 2000. B. ORGINS: According to the reference test anabolic steroids in sport and exercise 2000, experimentation with synthetic steroids on animals and castrated men began as early as 1911, and by 1935, the hormone testosterone had been isolated, chemically characterized, and the basic nature of its anabolic effects had become clear. It was shortly here after that oral and inject able preparations were made available to the medical community. II. WHAT ARE ANABOLIC STEROIDS USED FOR: A. THERAPEUTIC AGENT 1. Delayed puberty in boys ages 15 and older 2. Impotence and male climacteric symptoms 3. To treat breast cancer in women 4. HIV/aids patients to increase appetite, strength, body mass, and improved sense of well being. B. VETERINARY APPLICATION 1. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids are widely used in veterinary medicine 2. Given to cattle to increase the rate of weight gain and improve feed efficiency. 3. Improve the performance of race horses. C. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUG 1. The use of steroids by humans to enhance physical performance. They were apparently first used in WWII, according to William Taylor, M.D., in his  book Hormonal Manipulation, â€Å"steroids were said to have been administered to Nazi Troops in order to make them more aggressive and less fearful of violence. 2. It was in the next few decades that Steroids began to play a prominent role in Sports and Athletics. The muscle building effect of steroids has caused them to be widely used by body builders and other Athletes III. WHO USES STEROIDS NOW AND WHY The use of steroids to improve performance, strength, and size, is unregulated and illegal. This however does not stop people who wish to use the drug in this manner from obtaining it. â€Å"Use of Anabolic Steroids began with elite competitive athletes, but today it includes even high school students who are taking anabolic steroids for cosmetic purposes.† Kuhn C. Swartzwelder. Straight Facts for Athletes about Drugs, Supplements, and Training A. WHO 1. Athletes, men and women in almost all sports 2. Professional Athletes 3. College Athletes 4. High school Athletes 5. Olympic Sports 6. Bodybuilders B. WHY 1. Performance enhancing qualities 2. Warped self image 3. Self esteem issues 4. Dependency IV. THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF STEROID USE A. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: (Directly related to the actual doses consumed or injected: relatively low or extremely large amounts.) 1. â€Å"Beneficial† a. Increased Strength, b. Increased Muscle and body mass. 2. Adverse (Range from mild to severe) MILD a. Acne b. High Blood Pressure c. Liver Damage d. Disturbed sleeping patterns e. Baldness f. Testicular Atrophy g. Abnormal breast enlargements SEVERE a. Liver Damage b. Liver Cancer c. Cardiac Disease d. Heart Attack B. PHSCHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS 1. Increased Self – Esteem 2. Addiction and Psychological dependency 3. Tendency towards hostility and violence 4. Extreme fluctuations in mood 5. Increased energy level 6. Increased ability to train with greater mental intensity 7. Uncontrollable temper characterized by â€Å"Explosive† aggressive behavior CONCLUSION I. Review main Points A. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: 1. Scientific Definition: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids are synthetic derivatives or testosterone. Testosterone, the natural male hormone that is produced primarily by testes in men, is responsible for the androgenic (masculizing), and the anabolic (tissue-building) effects noted during male adolescence and adulthood. 2. ORGINS: When first discovered by 1935, the hormone testosterone had been isolated, chemically charactized, and the basic natural of its anabolic effects had become clear. B. WHAT ARE ANABOLIC STERIODS USED FOR 1. As a Therapeutic agent for medical patients 2. Administered to animals for veterinary application, as a means to increase size and efficiency of cattle and other farm animals, and also to improve the performance of race horses. 3. As a Performance Enhancing Drug, unrelated and illegally used by athletes. C. WHO USES STEROIDS AND WHY 1. Bodybuilders and other athletes 2. Because of the muscle building effect that anabolic-androgenic steroids produce D. THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF STERIOD USE 1. Physiological 2. Psychological FINAL ATTENTION GETTER: We as human society and as Americans are a culture that thrives on competition and being the best but remember Cheaters Never Win and Winners Never Cheat. So we might not always be the best but remember we are what the best wanna be. Bibliography: 1. www.steroidabuse.org 2. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. (2nd ED.) 2000 by Charles Yesalis 3. Taylor, W.N. Hormonal Manipulation: A new Area of Monstrous Athletes. 1985, McFarland and Company Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina and London. 4. Straight Facts for Athletes about Drugs, Supplements, and Training. By Kuhn C. Swartzwelder. Anabolic Steroids Also known as Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) ATTENTION GETTER: Now let me ask you something would you take a pill to get bigger and gain muscle in order to do more push-ups or sit-ups on PT Test, or How about giving yourself a shot to become faster on your 2 mile run. Of course some would. We all know how everything in our profession as a Soldier is always based on â€Å"WHAT IS YOUR PT SCORE†. Not on how well you do your job, or lead Soldiers. Now if you said yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ask yourself if you would do either of these two things knowing that you are putting yourself at serious health risks. In recent report, The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) uncovered an alarming statistic: more than a half million students in the 8th and 10th grade are currently using some form of anabolic steroids. Commentary I will be informing you on characteristics of Steroids, and what effects they have on the human body. Today I will be covering Historical Perspective: Which will also include the Definition in scientific terms Origins and when steroids were discovered, What Steroids are and have been used for, Who uses Steroids and why What the potential Physiological and Psychological effects it can have on the Human Body 1. The definition of an Anabolic-androgenic steroids, are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Testosterone, the natural male hormone that is produced primarily by the testes in men, Is responsible for the androgenic (Masculizing, and the anabolic (Tissue building) effects noted during male adolescence and adulthood. Charles Yesalis. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. (2nd ED.) 2000 Origin of Steroids According to the (reference test anabolic steroids in sport and exercise 2000), experimentation with synthetic steroids on animals and castrated men began as early as 1911, and by 1935, the hormone testosterone had been isolated, chemically characterized, and the basic nature of its anabolic effects had become clear. It was shortly here after in 1937 that oral and inject able preparations were made available to the  medical community. Hoberman JM, Yesalis CE. â€Å"The history of synthetic testosterone†. Scientific American 272, 1995. NOW THEY WE HAVE JUST DISCUSSED THE DEFINTION WITH A BRIEF HISTORICAL ACCOUNT WE WILL MOVE TO MY NEXT POINT..ANABOLIC STERIODS AND WHAT THEY ARE USED FOR. ANABOLIC STEROIDS USED for several different reasons and uses like: THERAPEUTIC AGENT Delayed puberty in boys ages 15 and older Impotence and male climacteric symptoms To treat breast cancer in women HIV/aids patients to increase appetite, strength, body mass, and improved sense of well being. VETERINARY APPLICATION Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids are widely used in veterinary medicine and also given to the cattle to increase the rate of weight gain and improve feed efficiency. It’s also used to improve the performance of race horses. Performance enhancing side of the drug is the use of steroids by humans to enhance physical performance. They were apparently first used in WWII, according to William Taylor, M.D., in his book Hormonal Manipulation, â€Å"steroids were said to have been administered to Nazi Troops in order to make them more aggressive and less fearful of violence. It was in the next few decades that Steroids began to play a prominent role in Sports and Athletics. With the muscle building effect of steroids which has caused them to be widely used by body builders and other Athletes. The use of steroids to improve the performance, strength, and size, is unregulated and is illegal. But this however does not stop people who wish to use the drug in this manner from obtaining it. â€Å"Use of Anabolic Steroids began with elite competitive athletes, but today it includes even high school students who are taking anabolic steroids for cosmetic purposes.† (Stated in Straight Facts for Athletes about Drugs, Supplements, and Training. By Kuhn C. Swartzwelder) Some of the personnel that are prime targets for using Steroids are Athletes, Men and women in almost all sports including Professional Athletes, College Athletes, High school Athletes in the Olympic Sports and of course Bodybuilders. So you might ask yourself why they do it, and why not stay natural but some of the Performance enhancing qualities are warped self image, self esteem issues, dependency. So let’s talk about some of the potential effects of Steroid use The first would be the Physiological effect: that is directly related to the actual doses (Consumed or injected: relatively low or extremely large amounts.) Now there can be some â€Å"Beneficial† effects that we all know and this is Increased Strength, Increased Muscle and body mass. Now there are some Adverse effects that Range from mild to severe to include but not all Some of the MILD effects are Acne High Blood Pressure Liver Damage Disturbed sleeping patterns Baldness Testicular Atrophy Abnormal breast enlargements Some of the more SEVERE effects can arrange from but not all Liver Damage Liver Cancer Cardiac Disease Heart Attack On the Psychological aspect there can be alterations to the Physical and mental state of the body. Increased Self – Esteem Addiction and Psychological dependency Tendency towards hostility and violence Extreme fluctuations in mood Increased energy level Increased ability to train with greater mental intensity Uncontrollable temper characterized by â€Å"Explosive† aggressive behavior FINAL ATTENTION GETTER: We as human society and as Americans are a culture that thrives on competition and being the best but remember Cheaters Never Win and Winners Never Cheat. So we might not always be the best but remember we are what the best wanna be. Bibliography: 1. www.steroidabuse.org 2. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. (2nd ED.) 2000 by Charles Yesalis 3. Taylor, W.N. Hormonal Manipulation: A new Area of Monstrous Athletes. 1985, McFarland and Company Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina and London. 4. Straight Facts for Athletes about Drugs, Supplements, and Training. By Kuhn C. Swartzwelder.

Mad Men Sociological / Semiotic Analysis

Every so often there is a television program that attracts a large audience because it is brilliantly written and entertaining. One of the most recent television shows to do this has been Mad Men. The show revolves around an advertising agency in the 1960’s and it’s key players in the company, more specifically Don Draper. Being set in the 1960’s, it is important to do both a sociological and semiotic analysis of the show. Society and human interactions have changed dramatically over the past fifty years and while it is a scripted television show and not a documentary, the drama prides itself on paying close attention to details and keeping everything true to the time period. It would be interesting and informative to do an analysis comparing the 1960’s shown in Mad Men to today’s society. Likewise, with the characters and their clothing, subtle symbols give away clues about who they are and what they’re going through as the show goes on. Semiotics are important to take note of in every context in order to truly understand whatever you’re trying to critically understand or analyze. In the 1960’s society was vastly different that it is today. It was a turning point in American history and dealt with a lot of sensitive issues that are still linger around today although they aren’t as prominent as they once were. This is reflected in the society that is built in the show Mad Men, namely the Sterling Cooper society. Sterling Cooper is the advertising agency that the show revolves around; in Sterling Cooper there is anything you would find in a larger society, such as social norms and bureaucracy. Furthermore, critics realize that â€Å"Mad Men deliberately shocks its audience by presenting as reasonable and commonplace behavior we now find appalling,† (â€Å"The Devil's in the Details,† The Atlantic) which gives us a direct juxtaposition of the Mad Men society and today’s society. In multiple aspects of a sociological analysis, there is always a prime example in the show Mad Men which is only highlighted when trying to look at Mad Men through the lens of today’s societal norms. Durkheim’s theory said that there is a social dimension to how people construct themselves based on their surroundings. That can be seen primarily in the character Peggy Olson. At first, Peggy suffers from alienation. Peggy being from Brooklyn feels disconnected with her co workers. She feels estranged since she's so homely and lives a simple, plain lifestyle compared to the lashy, metropolitan girls around her. She isn't skinny, she wears more modest clothing and isn't throwing herself at her bosses. â€Å"The audience sees Peggy alienate herself from the rest of the girls in the office, often eating lunch alone in the office, ignoring the fashions that the other women wear and refusing the participate in the constant office gossip. As a woman, in the 1960s however, she cannot exactly be one of the boys and therefore she cannot relate to the man either† (Analyzing Mad Men: Critical Essays on the Series, pg 159-160). It takes her a while to figure out where she fits in, and over time she too becomes a flashier version of herself, clearly influenced by the women around her and tries to step out of her comfort zone and into a different kind of lifestyle. Lifestyles are also a very important part of society. Lifestyle covers a person's taste in fashion, cars , entertainment, and other leisure activities which often reflect our socioeconomic class. Peggy was a lowly girl from Brooklyn, which was very much looked down upon by the men and women of Manhattan. She was considered poor, especially when she would bring her own lunch to work instead of buying her food off of the lunch cart like the other secretaries. Her clothing also gave her away in the beginning, her skirts were longer than the other girls, she was always covering up, which won't help attract the bosses in the ways the other secretaries were trying so desperately to do. Peggy would go home and read, or stay at work late if she wanted while other girls were running around on dates or going out trying to find something at a bar. Peggy’s chosen lifestyle is opposite the other women in the show outside of Sterling Cooper, mainly Don Draper’s wife Betty. Don Draper is a very successful, so his wife gets to spend her days looking at art, or riding horses. Their socioeconomic stance allows her to spend her entire day doing leisure activities and not be worried about such trivial things as work. Betty even had a nanny, so as not to over exert herself with cooking dinner and taking care of their children after all that horseback riding. Being a housewife to a successful man, Betty lived a very different lifestyle than the young girls who worked as secretaries. The secretaries in Sterling Cooper created their own small hierarchy which can be viewed as a bureaucracy. Joan is the â€Å"head secretary,† giving her a significant value to both the men and the secretaries. For the most part she decide who gets which secretary, and if changes should be made. She orders the other secretaries to do things and they listen knowing the power she holds behind the scenes (whether or not they know its because she's sleeping with one of the partners is another story). Joan was held in such high regard, even the men of Sterling Cooper would listen to her; mainly because she demanded respect and they were always hoping to impress Joan to hopefully catch her attention. This is also why it becomes so hard for Peggy when Joan begins to resent her for catching the attention of the men in the office not with her body, but with her ideas. Joan was no longer the woman in the office to brag about, but Peggy with her fantastic ideas and later on when she eventually becomes more than just a secretary in the company. While Joan is head of secretaries, Peggy now has her own secretary. Peggy becoming a junior copy-writer went against the anomies or social norms of Sterling Cooper, as well as the rest of society in the 1960’s. Women had just entered the workforce and there wasn’t a huge place for women to do more than secretarial work for the men who were doing the â€Å"real work. † Women were faced with trials and tribulations every day they went to work, ranging from sexual harassment from the men to the glass ceiling they were constantly suffering from. A common social norm found in Mad Men is the unspoken yet well known practice of men sleeping with the secretaries in the office. Don Draper, the main character does it many time throughout this show, with Peggy actually being the exception since he saw there was something more to her. Sterling, Campbell, Draper, all known for their trysts with secretaries around the office. This wouldn't be as readily accepted in today's day and age, and is the reason for a lot of the sexual harrassment laws today; however in the 1950s, and at the fictional Sterling Cooper ad agency, it was the norm. Joan and Peggy are both constantly in this sexist environment but react to is in very different ways. â€Å"Their behavior and comments highlight alternative ways that women behave. Joan rises to the occasion, showing off her femininity in poses, smiles, and comments. Peggy, on the other hand, is a woman who enjoys looking pretty, but she is also a thinker who seems to understand the objectification that is taking place† (Mad Men: Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Sexuality, and Class; William M. O’Barr). Joan was a powerful and intelligent woman, but would ever be seen as more than that. Peggy, however, masked her sexuality well enough to have the men see past the fact she was a woman and actually give her a chance to become something more than a secretary. However, the fact that a woman had to virtually deny the fact she was a woman in order to get to a more prominent position in her workplace highlights the sexist attitude of corporate America in the 1960s. Among sexist attit udes in the workplace, there were plenty of other social norms that are highlighted in Mad Men. The constant drinking and smoking are seen as shocking in a society that has banned smoking from virtually everywhere including certain outdoor areas and have constant reminders to drink responsibly. Mad Men, paying close attention to detail, constantly has the men walk into their offices and pour a drink almost religiously on the show. Even if the drink is a minute detail of the scene, they make sure it happens, because that’s how it would’ve been in the 1960s. There is also smoking everywhere, in the elevators, in restaurants, in the offices, everywhere. Ironically, one of the biggest issues of the time period is skirted around in Mad Men. In the 1960's race was a very prominent subject that carried a lot of tension with it. There was no equality in the workplace and African American's were primarily kept to service jobs like waiters, door men, etc. In one episode it was a big deal that a client was Jewish. It was such a big deal they searched the whole company to find another Jewish man to sit in on the meeting and make their client feel more welcome. They found only one young Jewish man working in the depths of the art department. In another episode, Pete Campbell, a junior account manager makes a point that a certain television brand was being bought by mostly African Americans in the south and suggested placing ads in magazines that were directed towards them. This was aggressively dismissed since the agency felt their client wouldn’t want to be so closely associated with being the brand African Americans’ choose. One of the more important characters in later seasons, Lane, who is originally from England, is having an affair with a black woman and refuses to return to England. His father promptly punches him in the gut and informs him that it was not a request and they are leaving back to England immediately. The idea of his son being with a black woman was simply intolerable to the British man, he wouldn’t even object, he simply pretended it didn’t exist. Just like that, in one episode an interracial relationship was created and destroyed. Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and how they create meaning in society, this plays a large part in Mad Men. The show’s creator, Matthew Weiner has made sure that attention to detail is not only meticulous, but the details help tell the story much like they would in actual society. â€Å"The pattern of a necktie, the club frequented, the restaurant patronized, the shopping bag carried, the prep school attended, together with a thousand other details, signify minute social distinctions, and reveal and even define character† (â€Å"The Devil's in the Details. † The Atlantic). If the viewer is paying close attention, they will notice that as the week goes on the characters wardrobe and hair styles become more worn. The easiest example of semiotics is to compare the three main women in the show: Betty Draper, Don Draper’s wife; Joan Holloway, the head secretary; and Peggy Olson, ambitious secretary turn copy-writer. Betty Draper is the definition of trophy wife and is coded as thus. She is a blonde hair, blue eyed woman who used to be a model and gave it all up to be a housewife once she was swept away by main character Don Draper. She is always looking neat and proper, with her hair in fancy hair-dos and her flowery dresses she is littered in signs that depict her as a stereotypical 50’s housewife. Betty is undoubtedly a loving mother and wife, she is also innocent, timid and submissive when it comes to her husband, whatever he says, goes. However, as her marriage begins to crumble, she begins to change in all aspects. Her hobbies begin to change from redecorating her house to finding things to do outside of the house like horseback riding. When Betty has a moment of aggressiveness, whether it’s towards her neighbor or while lashing out at her husband, she is usually seen wearing pants. It’s almost as if her wardrobe is letting viewers see her changes as its happening, not only in her actions, but in her choice of clothing. Joan Holloway, later known as Joan Harris is almost the complete opposite of Betty Draper in every way imaginable. Joan is the head secretary, and she is purposely coded with fiercely sexual signs such as being a red-head and very curvaceous. She fulfills her signs’ connotations by coquettishly and sometimes aggressively flaunting her confidence and dominance in everything she does. She dresses very provocatively and is always wearing a very long necklace. She is supposed to be viewed as the office vixen and her clothing doesn’t let you forget her role in Sterling Cooper. Once Joan is married and becomes Mrs. Harris, she quits her job as most women did in the 1960’s. She trades in her tight dresses for a more modest wardrobe of jeans and t-shirts and plainer dresses as she tries to enter the role as housewife. Joan becomes much less glamorous and more homely as time goes on; you can begin to see this new lifestyles wearing on the once fierce and flawless woman. The third distinctive woman on Mad Men is Peggy Olson. Peggy is coded as having a lower socioeconomic status than the rest which is signified by her clothing early on in the series; her clothes are plain and homely. She covers herself in sweaters and long dresses and skirts that aren’t form fitting like the other secretaries in the office. She doesn’t wear much make-up, her brunette plain hair is usually in a childish pony tail; signifying both her innocence and lack of time spent on the superficial since she feels her thoughts should be geared towards more important things. However, once she begins finding her place her attire begins to conform to the metropolitan atmosphere. Her confidence is exuding from her character, and the audience can see it in her new found sense of style. Her skirts get shorter (but never too short), her choice in clothing gets more sophisticated and bold. Her childish ponytail is gone; Peggy’s new hair is shorter with bangs off to the side. Peggy has gone through a major transition and is now coded as being a confident, intelligent woman that can hold her own in a man’s world without using her body by simply changing her clothing and hair style. Mad Men is an exceptional show that pays very close attention to historical accuracies and character details with a meticulous manner. While most audiences won’t pick up on the fact that the women’s hair colors are signifiers of who they are, critically analyzing Mad Men makes the audience aware of the volumes the women’s hair colors say about them. The amount of thought that goes into each character and their individual signs and signifiers, coded and recoding them to reflect their current state is obvious to anyone who takes the time to critically watch the show and appreciate all that goes into it. The writer’s also have a captivating way of taking societal issues of the times and conveying them to the audience with the same gravity they had back then, despite the audience watching it through the lens of today’s society. All the sensitive subjects of race, class, sexes are shown with the same directness as any other societal norm that was found in the 1960s that might not be as welcomed today. An artifact that is dedicated to reflecting on the past in the present while using every possibly detail available to convey messages and stories deserves to be recognized for all the hard work that is put into it. Bibliography O'Barr, William M. â€Å"Mad Men: Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Sexuality, and Class. † Advertising ; Society Review 2011th ser. 11. 4 (2011). Project MUSE. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. ;http://muse. jhu. edu/journals/advertising_and_society_review/v011/11. 4. o-barr. html;. Rogers, Sara. â€Å"The Women of Mad Men. † Analyzing Mad Men: Critical Essays on the Series. By Scott Frederick. Stoddart. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011. Print. Schwartz, Benjamin. â€Å"The Devil's in the Details† The Atlantic November (2009): 91-98. Print. Berger, Arthur Asa. Media Analysis Techniques. London: SAGE, 2011. Print.

Shortage of Correctional Officers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shortage of Correctional Officers - Essay Example This shortages could hardly accommodate the increasing number of convicted inmates. As the size of the inmate population increases at a facility, so does the number of custody staff. Variation in the inmate to custody staff is related to many factors including inmate population, facility design , security level, facility population and status of inmates at a facility. The Department are unable to hire enough correctional officers to meet its prison's needs so they often uses costly overtime hours to cover for the shortage of officers. One factor that influence the supply of correctional officers is that there are difficulties in attracting and training enough correctional officers. Although hiring more correctional officers would ease problems, the department may not fill the needs to operate its academy at full capacity. Another is shortfall of budget and plan. Based on Audits report During the first half year of 2001-02, the department spent more than 110 million for staff overtime. The budgeted amount for staff is worth $74 million but surprisingly its already $36 million more than the budgeted amount was spent for overtime. During their study they found out that hiring 3,200 staff of officers is needed to work the hours assigned as overtime to current staff. Other problems must be consider though overtime can be pleasurable to some officers b ut because excessive overtime can raise health and safety concerns, it suggests to assign academy graduates to prisons experiencing high rates of overtime. The department of Correction can give safety concerns by monitoring the amounts of overtime of an individual correctional officer. In regards to salary, based on the audit report, State Correctional Officers salary start at $2,001 a month during their six-week training period. After successful completion of training they receive $2,355 a month with in-grade raises up to $3,835. The usual work week is forty hours, but officers may be assigned to any one of three eight-hour shifts. Overtime, which may be required during emergencies, is compensated at time and a half. Federal employees start their careers at the GS-5 level, which offers a pay range of $ 1,627 to $2,115 a month. The top step usually achieved is the Senior Officer Specialist, GS_8, which ranges from $2,231- $2,901 per month. Correctional shortages at California prison can increase its supply of correctional officers by exploring opportunities to attract more qualified applicants. Make attention of the operating academy to pursue additional funding to give its full capacity. It also recommend to consider the feasibility of increasing the number of correctional officer applicants and physical capacity for training them. Maximize the use of officers by converting them to full time or ensure them that they work as close to the maximum of 2,000 hours a year if possible to fill the needs being met with overtime. Once it attract cadets to the academy than its budgeted positions, then the department should pursue funding for additional correctional officer positions it will need in order to reduce its reliance on overtime. Hiring for additional

Advanced pharmacology case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advanced pharmacology case study - Essay Example for the appropriate diagnostic tests that could be applied towards the assessment of her condition and thus; provide her with appropriate education on how to handle her condition (Rice, 2010). Sally Smith, is noted to be suffering from these conditions and a complete and informed diagnostic assessment and prescription for appropriate medication should be founded on the pathophysiology of the conditions. Pathophysiology refers to the study of the processes that result in a medical condition and the complications that may be associated with the same. An understanding of the pathophysiology of asthma entails the study of changes such as bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and discussions on the immune system, triggers of asthma, IgE, airway remodeling and allergies (Kee et al., 2014). Based on these, the largely known changes that take place when a person is attacked by asthma include: Gastro-esophageal reflux disorder (GERD) refers to the symptomatic or histological change in the esophagus that is associated with the retrograde movement of gastric contents (Golan, 2011). This reflux is usually minimized through the contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal peristaltic waves in the process of relaxation to allow food enter the stomach. Based on pathophysiology, GERD may develop in either condition as: This condition is largely caused by the impairment of the central monoaminergic functions of the lesions. Considering multiple interactions with the brain, a condition with Sally may be perceived as caused by a complex phenomenon with more than one etiology. It comprises of predisposed episodic and progressive disturbances to the moods of the patient. These include tremor of about 20%, nausea and dizziness, fever/headache, nervousness, bronchospasm, cough, allergic reactions, urinary tract infections, dry mouth, increased sweating and eructation or flatulence (Atkinson, 2012). Swelling of the face, uneven or fast heart rate, jaundice (yellowing of

Islamic banking Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 19500 words

Islamic banking - Dissertation Example These research findings show that both bank managers/staff and customers perceived that there is less awareness of Islamic banking products/services. The respondents could not distinguish the difference between conventional offerings and Shariah compliant offerings; thus, they are not motivated to have an Islamic banking account. Their primary reason of using the Islamic banking is not related to profitability or religion, but it is on the perception that the system is rewarding for the life hereafter. This paper reflects two important implications. First, Islamic banks must increase customer awareness on the product/service offerings of the system through advertising in the real world and through the Internet. Second, it should increase its number of network and distribution channels to gain competitive advantage and allegiance by disseminating Islamic banking information. This research will be of interest to both conventional and Islamic banking in the Muslim and non-Muslim countri es. This paper provides fresh results on the level of awareness of Islamic banking in the UK and Saudi Arabia. 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Information Islamic banking is the new representation of financial system and it is also one of the fastest growing industries in the global financial market. It is also considered as the best solution during financial crises and credit crunch in looking for a better and fairer way of managing money and in underpinning the real financing activities. Islamic banking is following the Islamic Shariah law and Islamic financial system which are derived from the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah (Strom et al., 2007). Thirty years ago, Islamic banking existed... The intention of this study is islamic banking as the new representation of financial system and it is also one of the fastest growing industries in the global financial market. It is also considered as the best solution during financial crises and credit crunch in looking for a better and fairer way of managing money and in underpinning the real financing activities. Islamic banking is following the Islamic Shariah law and Islamic financial system which are derived from the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah. Thirty years ago, Islamic banking existed only in major Islamic countries and become a profitable segment of the banking industry considering that 20 percent of the world’s population was Muslims and Islam being the third largest religion. The Islamic banks primary clients are those people that keep away from paying nor receiving interest of any form and for them to have a source of income, they established a profit and loss sharing banking system that permit them to share th e risk with client. Islamic banks are required to operate based on Islamic jurisprudence and this law inhibited them from paying and accepting interest fees (RIBA). Muslims are inhibited because it brought a lot of negative effects on human beings’ earning capacity and purchasing power, incredible poverty in the society and unequal wealth/debt crisis in the economy. However, the common banking system operates on the basis of interest which is also known as the conventional banks.

Terrorism and patriot act Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terrorism and patriot act - Coursework Example Over 3000 people lost their lives. While America was still recovering from the shock of this barbaric act on its home soil, President George W. Bush lost no time in pursuit of the culprits. He ordered airstrikes on likely hideouts of Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan. At the administrative level, he promulgated the Patriot Act 2001 and established the Department of Homeland Security to help deal with all further threats and protect the borders of the USA and its people. Some sweeping powers were given to these personnel to track, apprehend and arrest possible suspects who wanted to harm America and its interests. The extent of these powers is a matter of debate, as many opine that it violates the rights of privacy and freedom as guaranteed under the U.S Constitution (Worrall, 2011). The Patriot Act was signed into Law by President Bush on October 26, 2001, just over a month and a half after the events of September 11. The Act has 10 separate sections, one each relating to enhancing domestic security against terrorism, surveillance procedures, anti-money-laundering, removing obstacles to investigations, information sharing, criminal law, terrorism intelligence and border security. Many sections were due to sunset after four years, but they were extended by President Obama in the larger public interest (CLDC, 2012). Among the most contentious of the powers under Section 213 is that of arresting someone on mere suspicion of being a terrorist, and that of searching his or her house without a warrant. Section 218 allows for wiretapping of such suspect’s every means of communication. Under Section 805, anybody even suspected of giving advice or assistance to a terrorist would be liable for arrest and prosecution. Granted that we have to nip terrorism in the bud, but such measures are a close call to violating the privacy and integrity of American citizens and go against the widely held precept of ‘innocent till proven

Investing In Retirement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Investing In Retirement - Essay Example Compounding interests provide valuable returns at the end. For instance, if we start putting aside $1000 per month starting at the age of 30 it will end up being $453600 for each of us at the age of 65. This is based on the assumption that the rate of return is at 8 percent per annum. If we wait for ten years, we would only save $129000 each. Considering that a small difference in contribution amounts $129600, which is $1000 each month for ten years. However, the actual difference in total saving is enormous and amounts to $259200. Investing wisely is encouraged for it helps in ensuring that the maximum returns are yielded on the amount spent. Thus, lessons learned from retirement savings entails starting early and setting aside at least 10 to 15 percent of the annual salary on retirement. For a worthwhile investments return, it is good to start investing earliest possible. Additionally, it is worth setting aside an average of 10-15 percent of the gross earnings on a monthly basis. From this, I have learned that to save for the future is good because the future is uncertain. The money we save now may be used to cater for our need in future when we have retired and have no other source of income.

Police corruption Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police corruption - Assignment Example It is marked by simultaneous occurrence of mishandling of official capacity and mishandling of personal attainment. It is carried out by violation of state or federal laws or the constitutional rights of the individual. Corruption may also involve material benefit or a profit gained through abuse of public authority. Police corruption is a pervasive phenomenon, yet it is not bound by ranks. It is typified by such acts as bribery, extortion, receiving or selling stolen property and aiding or abetting or carrying out drug pedaling. Broadly, it may also include indulging in such acts as violence and brutality, fabrication or destruction of evidence, racism, or favoritism. Knapp Commission describe three basic kinds of corruption; bribery, shakedowns and mooching . Police may use subtle to extreme methods to indulge in corruption. However, no single reason can be ascribed to the existence of police corruption (Gainer and Miller, 2008). Wicershkam Commission was appointed by President Herbert Hoover in 1929. George W. Wicershkam headed the National Committee on Law Observation and Enforcement, which was popularly called the Wicershkam Commission. Wicershkam Commission was charged with investigating the causes of widespread criminal activity and finding causes of violations of national prohibition policy. It was the first of its kind national level enquiry into the causes of crime and law enforcement. The commission presented its report in 14 volumes in a study carried out from 1931 to 1932. The commission handed out a severe indictment of police thus confirming the presence of misconduct and corruption in its functioning. Apart from the use of violence and brutality it also pointed out the instances of bribery, corruption, coercion, fabrication of evidence and entrapment. Knapp Commission or the Commission to Investigate the Alleged Police Corruption was appointed under the chairmanship of Whitman

Are Black Afro Caribbean boys underachieving within the Education Dissertation

Are Black Afro Caribbean boys underachieving within the Education system that are born in the UK - Dissertation Example Out of all the communities, debate about children of Caribbean heritage has been most controversial. There is no denial of the fact that Caribbean children are under achieving in UK. In 2004, according to National Statistics, the lowest levels of GCSE attainment were among black Caribbean pupils, particularly boys. Only 27% of black Caribbean boys and 44% of black Caribbean girls were said to have achieved five or more A*-C grade GCSEs. (BBC News 2009). The statistical release issued by Department for Children, Schools and Families at National statistics UK has reported that in 2008/9 44.3 percent of Black African pupils achieved a good level of development. This is 7.3 percentage points below the national average; this difference in achievement shows a reduction from 2008 when it was 10.7 percentage points. In 2009 27.3 percent of Black African pupils were classified as being in the lowest achieving 20 percent of pupils, this is a reduction from 2007 when 30.2 percent of Black Afric an pupils were classified as being in this group. 43.0 percent of Black Caribbean pupils achieved a good level of development. This is 8.6 percentage points below the national average; this difference in achievement has reduced from 2008 when it was 9.4 percentage points. ... It became evident that children were treated with discrimination, being called dull, slow learners, UN responsive, troublesome, dull, low achievers, backwards and UN intelligent. Observing all this, black parents moved to draw public attention and demanded government to take concrete actions. Since 1960 government took many actions and policy initiatives however to this day, concerns remain in air about educational performance of these children and their treatment. The low achievement of Caribbean children is in great contrast to high achievements by children of other minority ethnic groups in UK. There are many theories available to explain this problem. These theories include low IQ, genetics, poor self esteem, racism against society and schools, race politics in UK, poor quality of schools and poor home environments of children. It is an important observation that educationalists and government view this problem with different perspectives. This paper is an endeavour to understand why black British children of African Caribbean origin achieve less in academics and are subject of increased expulsion from schools. In the UK, in the 1960s and ‘70s, Black children were routinely labelled â€Å"educationally sub-normal† (ESN) and confined to ESN schools, also known as sin-bins. The parents often did not challenge the verdict of the teachers and the schools, but just accepted the situation. One reason for underachievement of students has been indifference of parents towards the situation. Educationalist Dr Tony Sewell from UK has researched and stated as late as September 2010 that institutional racism in education has no part to play in the educational failure of African

Difference between a Wired and Wireless Network Security Term Paper

Difference between a Wired and Wireless Network Security - Term Paper Example This kind of threat is most often accidental but sometimes may be intentional too. It includes fluctuations or surges in power supply, that is, sudden rise or sudden drop in the voltage, the efficiency of the supply and electricity failure. The voltage fluctuation tends to damage the computer system and the information stored in the random-access memory because it may cause the system to shut down suddenly. Thus, power smoothing becomes vital. This can be achieved by applying surge protectors on the power supply or by using devices like uninterruptible power supply (UPS) which are charged by the power main. These have built-in power smoothers which are greatly helpful if there is sudden failure of power supply like electricity blackout. The computers over the network are connected to the UPS and in case of electricity failure, they do not shut down all of a sudden. This helps in saving the vital information that was being processed. A power generator does the same purpose, that is, a cts as a power supply and lets the computers continue their processing without losing the information. There should be power-linked parameters connected with both the power supply and the system which give signal before electricity failure. ... In a wired network, you can see by your eyes and through the wires which and how many PCs are connected to a certain network. Hence, the second significant difference is that of trust. A wired network is directly under the control of the administrator and therefore there is a trustworthy attitude toward the whole setup. On the other hand, wireless networks suffer from distrust because you never know who is accessing you network from outside the windows within the access point. No matter how secure you make the wireless network, technology has enabled the hackers to devise more sophisticated means to create a security breach that is hidden from your eye. Hence, we see that there are differences between wired and wireless network security and none of the two types of networks is free from security breaches and threats. References Posey, B. (2005). Have Wireless Networks Surpassed the Security of Wired Networks? WindowsSecurity.com. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://www.windowsecur ity.com/articles/Wireless-Networks-Surpassed-Security-Wired-Networks.html Wysocki, B.J. (2005). Advanced Wired and Wireless Networks. USA:

Population Change In Province Of Canada Essay Example for Free

Population Change In Province Of Canada Essay Introduction As per the Canada’s Performance Report 2006 – life expectancy in Canada reached to 79.9 years as compared to 77.8 years in 1991.  Ã‚   A woman born in 2003 can expect longevity up to 82.4 years whereas a man’s life expectancy would be 77.4 years. Statistics Canada, The Daily, December 21, 2005 states that women are expected to live 5 years longer than men.   At present, Canadians describe health as â€Å"excellent†, â€Å"very good† which has increased in the recent years of 2003 and 2005. Canadians who are at age 12 and older,   state that good health is being enjoyed which has risen from 59. 6 per cent (2003) to 65.5 per cent   (2005).   The overall health percentage in Canadians stating as â€Å"good† declined from 29.7 percent (2003) to   27.5 percent (2005). Canadians who rate health as â€Å"fair† or â€Å"poor† also declined from 10.6 percent (2003) to 6.9 percent (2005). This segment of population mostly belongs to lower level of income, improper schedules of exercise,   poor education and old age. (Canada Statistics, 2006) .   According to Canadian Institute of Health Information, Canada spent $142.0 billion on health care in 2005, an increase of $12.0 from the year 2004, an average spending of $4,411 per person. Infant mortality   has dropped in the previous decade from 6.4 deaths per 1,000 births (1991) to 5.3 / 1000 births (2003) . Crime percentage in murder, homicide, and robbery in Canada declined to 5.0 percent (2005) and police report 1.2 million property crimes in 2005.   Youth crime between the age 12-17 has decreased by 6.0 percent in the year 2005 while homicides are on the rise in Ontario and Alberta. The   population of Canada by province as on April 1, 2007 Sno Province Abbr. Population % of national population Alberta AB 3,473,984 10.5 British Columbia BC 4,380,256 13.2 Manitoba MB 1,186,679 3.6 New Brunswick NB 749,782 2.3 Newfoundland and Labrador NL 506,275 1.5 Northwest Territories NT 42,637 0.1 Nova Scatia NS 934,147 2.8 Nunavut NU 31,113 0.1 Ontario ON 12,803,861 38.8 Prince Edward Island PE 138,627 0.4 Quebec QC 7,700,807 23.4 Saskatchewan SK 996,869 3.0 Yukon YT 30,989 0.1 As recorded by Canada’s National Statistical Agency in population statistics: 1991-1996  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Total No.of births  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,936,000  Ã‚  Ã‚   No.of deaths: 1,024,000 1996-2001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Total No.of births  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,705,000  Ã‚  Ã‚   No.of deaths: 1,089,000 Total no.of births by province from the period 2002-2007 Province 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Canada 330,523 337,762 339,270 345,355 352,848 Newfoundland and Labrador 4,596 4,598 4,543 4,443 4,326 Prince Edward Island 1,374 1,403 1,371 1,343 1,348 Nova Scotia 8,635 8,713 8,575 8,499 8,382 New Brunswick 7,104 7,072 6,874 6,840 6,728 Quebec 72,273 74,364 75,422 78,471 83,150 Ontario 129,256 132,874 132,796 133,961 134,141 Manitoba 13,765 13,981 14,031 14,136 14,166 Saskatchewan 11,794 12,121 11,915 11,925 11,918 Alberta 39,450 40,635 41,345 42,875 44,661 British Columbia 40,534 40,205 40,631 41,135 42,306 Yukon Territory 322 374 340 319 311 Northwest Territories 658 697 705 699 678 Nunavut 762 725 722 709 733 Total no.of deaths by province from the period 2002-2007 Province 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Canada 223,905 228,829 229,372 230,687 237,931 Newfoundland and Labrador 4,276 4,254 4,357 4,453 4,549 Prince Edward Island 1,217 1,225 1,236 1,260 1,282 Nova Scotia 7,944 8,269 8,329 8,491 8,654 New Brunswick 6,181 6,373 6,319 6,453 6,589 Quebec 54,896 56,411 56,041 53,350 55,950 Ontario 83,410 84,155 84,495 87,181 89,737 Manitoba 9,852 9,894 9,989 10,130 10,272 Saskatchewan 8,880 9,130 8,900 8,975 9,079 Alberta 18,098 18,775 19,004 19,757 20,581 British Columbia 28,694 29,863 30,254 30,174 30,761 Yukon Territory 145 158 169 177 182 Northwest Territories 183 188 155 159 163 Nunavut 129 134 124 127 132 Conclusion A close observation on birth and death rate in Canada if noticed, reveals a fact that birth rate is on the rise whereas death rate is on the declining side, which is a first hand information that Canada is concentrating on health sector of its population, in the first instance and secondly the causes for still reducing the death rate can be controlled by effective measures of police control in crime and also in opening rehabilitation centers for youth and children for getting therapy treatment from undertaking anti-social elements such as theft, robbery, murder or homicide.   Canada being an attractive destination for immigration, the future population is expected to be on the rise as there was a tremendous potential for employment growth in the year 2005. References    Canada’s performance Report 2006 – Annex 3 – Indicators and Additional Information Accessed 14 November, 2007    http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/report/govrev/06/ann301-PR_e.asp?printable=True       Canada’s National statistical Agency,   Population growth and components (1851-2001) Accessed 14 November, 2007 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo03.htm       Canada’s National Statistical Agency Accessed 14 November, 2007 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo02.htm    Canada’s National Statistical Agency, Birth and birth rate by province and territory http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo04a.htm    Canada’s National Statistical Agency, Death and death rate by province and territory    http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo07a.htm    List of Canadian provinces and territories by population    Accessed 14 November, 2007    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_population    Population estimates and projections    Accessed 14 November, 2007 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/ind01/l3_3867_3433.htm?hili_demo02

My Future Carrer Essay Example for Free

My Future Carrer Essay How do you see your own future career, what would you like to happen and how do you think your life will change in the coming years? There are various options open nowadays. The problem of choosing the future profession has always been very important. The profession a person chooses in many ways determines his/her future life. To make a right choice first of all you should understand what you like to do. Usually there are several factors that influence the decision of young people. They concern material and spiritual aspects of the future career. It is generally believed that profession should be both prestigious and interesting. I can’t, but agree with this statement. Today the most popular profession is economics. This profession is both prestigious and interesting. From graduating from economic faculty it is possible to find good job. And of course it is well-paid. All this factors are important for me. I was born in a family of a businessman. Since my early childhood I watched the problems and difficulties in doing business in our country. On the other hand I saw how happy my dad was when he signed the profitable contracts, started a new firm. He really got satisfaction of a job well-done and gave a sense of achievement behind the clinching of an important deal. So I have decided to start my own business when I’m grown up. For this I have made up my mind to get serious about economics. I think that I have all needed skills to become a good businessman. As I’m on the go all my life, because of studying and my hobbies, I am very active and hard-working. Maybe I’m not restrained or patient, but I think, that employer will be impressed with my ambitions. I’m well-educated and creative. Nowadays you often find that the top executive in a company is a woman. I want to be one of them. I think that I have all leadership qualities to be the best. I think that in future I will attain all my goals and will really have my nose to the grindstone. As In the past, people do not have many choices about their future job. They usually continue their fathers and grandfathers jobs and careers. Nowadays, there are multiple of choices about the future job and they are independent of the family career. Each child now has a dream of his own future job and can be clearly appeared in their choices of their toys. One wants to be a doctor, other wants to be an engineer, other wants to be a teacher and so on. I thing when ones gets older and moves on the levels of education, it becomes not easy to choose the future job. More thinking comes about making the right choice and setting the criteria of choosing. I have thoughts about my future job, where I can express myself and become successful. I want in my future job to be able to use my initiative, feel freedom and independent, gain self satisfaction and get well-paid. Moreover, I want to have an excitement and continuance interest rather than routine job, which brings boredom and kills motivations and developments. I would like my future job to be in the education sector. I want to start my job as teacher, which I believe that it is an important job. It is connected to the humans’ mind that makes them different from all other creatures. It is also considered one of the oldest careers that known by the human. In addition, it is one of the main aims of the God’s messengers. One of the main objectives in my future job is continuation of development and gets more different and higher positions in the education sector. I think that will be more challengeable and exciting and give the chance to be more initiative. In conclusion, I want to be a successful in my future job and be an active person to ward the development of my country. I want be useful to my family make them proud and happy. Now, I am studying hard to get more knowledge and gain different skills to meet my objectives.

Community Development Challenges

Community Development Challenges 1. Introduction The concept of community development, an accepted and much lauded mechanism for interventionist and participative social development grew out of the many strange ironies of empire building. The British, after infiltrating and achieving political domination over the Indian sub continent and vast tracts of Africa, and thereafter ensuring the decimation of local trade, industry, handicrafts and self government initiatives, made its officers busy with action plans and initiatives to develop and empower communities in these nations at the local level. Nobody in the British establishment presumably thought of the need to find out from the benefiting (sic) community whether they wanted either the destruction and bondage, or the succeeding efforts to help in local development and empowerment. Notwithstanding the rather questionable beginnings of the community development effort, the concept has grown over the ages to become an established method for interventionist social development where external agencies, governmental or otherwise, initiate, encourage and help local community development efforts in numerous areas, including social and economic development, fostering a capacity for local co-operation and self-help, with the use of expertise and methods drawn from outside the local community. (Midgeley, 1995) Community development initiatives, while growing and adapting to the needs of local communities in the UK and the USA, and despite being adopted by voluntary organisations like Rotary International for world wide implementation, have also seen large scale failures in meeting its objectives, especially in the African countries. These failures, especially in areas where they were needed most, led to disillusionment, and a feeling that community development practices w ere ill founded, or based upon unworkable concepts, and should possibly be replaced with other modes of development. Nevertheless, community development efforts remain globally strong and attract many young and well-intentioned people, to work towards achievement of economic and social improvement of underprivileged or deprived communities. It becomes extremely important for community development initiators, practitioners, workers and volunteers, to understand the principles and values of community development, in order to understand its potential and limitations, the many constraints and challenges that crop up in the development process, and the likely chances of the success or failure of development initiatives. 2. Commentary Community development has been defined by an official publication of the UK government as â€Å" active participation, and if possible on the initiative of the community, but if this initiative is not forthcoming spontaneously, by the use of techniques for arousing and stimulating it in order to achieve its active and enthusiastic response to the movement. (Smith, 2006) This definition entails an inherent contradiction, namely that while community development works on the principles of local participation, initiative and self-help at the community level, it also calls for sponsorship by external, mostly governmental agencies, who see it as an avenue for implementing governmental policies at the local level. Development initiatives thus also involve a significant amount of social work, and sometimes, even activism, in regions characterised by illiteracy, backwardness, poverty, deprivation, inequality and oppression. Community development initiatives are characterised by the presence of two elements, one local, meaning the existing community, and the other, external, which is represented by governmental agencies, not for profit service organisations like the Rotary, and private foundations and corporations. British American Tobacco (BAT), for instance, sponsors significant community development programmes for tobacco growing communities in Asian and African countries, while Rotary International works on village extension and community development programmes in many nations, in which it has a presence. Non-governmental organisations, however, still need to operate with the help of the local government in many areas, thus making the involvement of the state in community development a fait accompli. The functioning of external agencies in community development involves a number of phases that commences with the localising of a community and ascertainment of its various deficiencies and needs. This initial assessment is followed by the agency entering the community, obtaining familiarity with the neighbourhood, ascertaining needs, objectives and roles, establishing contact with local people, influence makers and power centres, bringing people together, obtaining agreement on specific objectives, forming and building local organisations to improve local issues like health, education, economy and self empowerment, clarifying goals and priorities, catalysing action, helping in keeping the initiatives going, monitoring progress, and taking corrective action. At all stages external agencies need to work in a catalytic fashion, encouraging, helping, and assisting community work, while refraining. from taking on a controlling role. Empowerment, and the building and enhancement of local community capacity in various areas that help in development should be the main objectives, as opposed to achieving results through direct control of the development process. (Henderson and Thomas, 2001) Community development activity can be general or specialised. Generic work takes place in a geographically demarcated area, takes up all the issues that lead to social and economic disadvantage, and works out participative programmes to alleviate or eliminate them. The context can be either urban or rural. While rural development has gained ground in recent years and is attracting more funds, community development is an equally critical requirement in the slums and underbellies of the world’s metropolises, which continue to be haunted by gang overlords, prostitution, substance abuse, and domestic violence, as well as lack of educational facilities and poor housing. Specialised community work deals with specific groups within a region, namely issues like homelessness, unemployment, child prostitution, substance abuse or ethic issues, or with identified issues like transportation, housing, public health or sanitation. (Hickey and Mohan, 2004) A USDA publication states that commu nity development initiatives are best achieved through the creation of business initiatives, sustainable community development, community-based partnerships and building and initiating long-term strategic plans. (Key principles of community empowerment, 2002) This complex situation demands great understanding, perception and ability from community development workers. These committed men and women are expected to handle a myriad functions that include identifying community issues, needs and problems, developing new community based programmes and resources, and evaluating and mentoring existing programmes. They also need to be outgoing, possess excellent communication skills, and be able to empathise with members of the local community, qualities that help in obtaining cooperation and help from government bodies, community organisations, and various sponsors, as well as in raising public awareness on relevant issues. Community development practitioners are also expected to provide leadership, co-ordinate programmes, facilitate and promote community self help, encourage and increase local participation, and challenge inappropriate political and social structures. Administratively, their functions entail formulation, development and finalisa tion of strategies, recruitment, motivation and training paid and voluntary workers, networking extensively to build contacts and raise funds, liaising with interested voluntary groups to build new programmes and services, mediating and negotiating with opposing parties, planning, attending and co-ordinating meetings and events, overseeing, optimising and administering limited budgets, preparing reports, and carrying out other required administrative tasks. (Community development worker, 2007) 3. Conclusion Community development demands enormous integrity, stamina, maturity and compassion from practitioners, workers and volunteers. The inherent difficulties in working in alien locations in non-structured working environments and inherently dynamic and changing conditions pose significant challenges. In addition, the inherent contradictions of being human catalysts for social change in foreign environments, of being change agents, at once part and yet distinct from the community, instil feelings of inadequacy, and sometimes even rejection, in communities where intervention may not be welcomed by significantly substantial members of the community. Community development projects aim to unearth local problems, resource limitations, and unsatisfied needs, and work towards their objectives through local participation and empowerment. Yet community participation often fails, once the operating agency withdraws, and much of the gains of community development are lost in the following years. Most agencies working in community development, e.g. the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and Rotary International, as well as governmental and private agencies feel this to be a major problem. Situations like this, as well as apprehensions of development of such situations, result in implementing agencies having to stay on in particular communities or with specific projects, much after their need has diminished, and their services and skills required elsewhere. (Bhattacharya, 2004) This often happens because of confusion in community development objectives and the undertaking of roles, in excess of actual needs, by development agencies. This factor, when combined with the role assumed by development agencies in mobilising funds, often results in producing feelings of inadequacy and helplessness in the community. It strengthens attitudes that magnify community problems, link the success of programmes with the expertise, infrastructure, and fund mobilising ability of the agencies, and works towards disempowering the members of the community, instead of increasing their capacity to address their problems. This overstretching by development workers establishes and ingrains a sense of reliance of the community on the agency, which consequently tends to negate the essence of the development programme. Development practitioners need to understand the delicacy of their roles and the thin line that they must necessarily tread upon if the community is to become truly emp owered. A greater appreciation of the necessity for producing change agents in the local community, rather than donning the mantle themselves for perpetuity, and the need for engaging local people, so that they can help communities create a common dream of a fair and sustainable future, becomes extremely important for the long-term success of community development programmes. Community development practitioners play extremely important roles in today’s grossly inequitable society, and with their grass root developmental programmes, have been instrumental in improving lives across the globe. A better appreciation of the values and principles of community development will possibly help them in improving the results of their efforts. Bibliography Ben-Meir, J.,2006, March/April, Win the War of Ideas through Community Development. The Humanist, 66, 5+. Bhattacharyya, J., 2004, Theorizing Community Development. Journal of the Community Development Society, 34(2), 5+. Community development worker: job description and activities, 2007, Prospects.ac, Retrieved April 14 from www.prospects.ac.uk/links/CommWorker Denise, P. S. Harris, I. M. (Eds.), 1989, Experiential Education for Community Development. New York: Greenwood Press. Dube, S. C., 1958, Indias Changing Villages: Human Factors in Community Development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Hamilton, E., 1992, Adult Education for Community Development. New York: Greenwood Press. Henderson, P. and Thomas, D. N., 2001, Skills in Neighbourhood Work 3e, London: Routledge Oliver, G., 2000, August, Gentrification Threatens Community Development Groups. Planning, 66, 29. Key principles of community empowerment, 2002, Rural empowerment programs, Retrieved April 14, 2007 from www.ezec.gov/Communit/rurempowprogguide.pdf Midgley, J., 1995, Social Development, The developmental perspective in social welfare, London: Sage. Popple, K., 1995, Analysing Community Work. Its theory and practice, Buckingham: Open University Press Smith, M, 2006, Community Development, Infed, Retrieved April 14, 2007 from www.infed.org/community/b-comdv.htm

Working Capital Analysis of Wal-Mart Essay -- Business Management Fina

Working Capital Analysis of Wal-Mart Every business decision is associated in one way or another with the financial condition of the organization. The results of a working capital analysis will assist in the determination of organization ¡Ã‚ ¦s ability to remain in a particular line of business. The primary focus of Team C ¡Ã‚ ¦s analysis of Wal-Mart, Inc is its current and future financial condition. The most imperative areas that are found in the Capital Structure Analysis Report fall into the following categories: Working Capital Management, Valuation and Investment, and Cost of Capital. The company ¡Ã‚ ¦s operational processes within each area can be examined and related financial data reviewed. Once the financial data is collected and calculated potential areas for improvements can be identified and corrective or innovative measures can be implemented. As in all businesses, which include Wal-Mart, it must be considered that there is always room for improvement. Working Capital Management In order to fully understand the company ¡Ã‚ ¦s financial position a financial manager must consider the amount of net working capital available. The net working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Companies normally have a positive net working capital. The components of working capital change continually within the cycle of operations. (Brealey, 2001) Therefore, an effective manager will monitor the cash conversion periods to determine the length of the production process. The longer the process, the longer the company ¡Ã‚ ¦s money will be tied up in the process. The two elements in the business cycle that normally absorb the most cash are inventory and receivables. The main sources of cash are payables and equity or loans. Speeding up the working capital cycle will generate more cash for the company. www.planware.org This management of working capital will allow the company to maximize its use of existing cash flows as well as leverage additional sources of working capital. Underperforming Company Ratios Although Wal-Mart is performing well overall and remains a leader within the retail industry, the company is not without opportunities for improvement. An analysis of the financial ratios for the company over the last three years as well as an industry comparison has identified areas in which the company could enhance its ... ... 3.03 3.26 3.59 Payout Ratio_______________________.19__________.17__________.23____ Table B Industry Averages_____________________________________________________ Fiscal Year 2001 2002 2003____ Leverage Debt Ratio 1.58 2.2 .53 Times Interest Earned Ratio .75 1.78 2.46 Liquidity Current Ratio 3.1 2.8 2.6 Quick Ratio .6 .5 .4 Net Working Capital .195 .07 .195 Efficiency Asset Turnover Ratio 2.23 2.27 2.2 Average Collection Period 12.6 10.4 8 Inventory Turnover 5.24 5.38 5.73 Profitability Net Profit Margin 3.7 2.8 3.97 Payout Ratio_______________________ 32.4__________34.3________34.6___ Tables are a combination of the following resources: www.walmart.com, www.reuter.com, www.biz.yahoo.com, UOP library resource Dun and Bradstreet industry ratios, and www.bloomberg.com.

Malaysia Essay examples -- Knowledge Management

A. INTRODUCTION Malaysia has developed Knowledge Management program since 1957 after Independence Day. In early stage 1970’s development a growth was concentrated in the agriculture and natural resources sectors. The official of Knowledge Economy started a few years ago by Former Minister of Malaysia Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad emphasised the knowledge can growth productivity in Knowledge rich economies. In their speech mentioned skill and speed comes from the depth of knowledge that one has of the different elements and technology capacity can be made to work yield desired result. One of the most important to ensure successful KM an organization needs to encourage individuals in the organization to share not only their explicit knowledge but also the tacit knowledge that they have. Smith (2001) was argued if the management does make clear statement employees are likely to share only explicit knowledge because it is easier to encourage the knowledge. Implementing a KM system can be complex and dynamic, no matter how well planned and developed as it involves people and other organizational factors (Bixler, 2002). B. WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT? Many large, medium and small organizations are now engaging in KM in order to gain a competitive advantage in the market place. KM has a significant influence on the success or failure of organizations. According to Call (2005), many different definitions exist for KM and it is often defined as anything someone or organization wants it to be in order to understand the basis of KM at least a broad definition of knowledge. It is a common belief that by leveraging knowledge, an organization can stay competitive in the more globally oriented market of today. Gartner Group Inc. (1996)... ...iatives have centered on nation building, enhancement of the marketplace, promotion of the workplace, customer care, education, community support and environmental conservation to achieve multiple objectives such as community development, human capital development and environmental conservation. As a long-term business strategy, they will continue to invest in staff development to enhance staff core competencies to sustain superior performance and prepare them for career progression. 3. Overview activity based Knowledge Management approach The focus of the Public Bank’s KM initiatives during 2004 shifted from infrastructure development to the more challenging task of embedding knowledge processes within the Bank’s business process operations. Latest KM initiatives activity was launched in order to make KM a natural part of all employees daily activities.

Societal Corruption in The Broken Jug by Heinrich Von Kleist Essay

The Broken Jug is a comedy, written by Heinrich Von Kleist in the Eighteenth century, which is centered on the theme of injustices in society. The play reveals the scandalous affairs of a corrupt legal system, in which the judge, a traditional symbolic figure of peace and nobility and social equality, is instead exposed as an incarnate form of a morally corrupt and perverse society. Each of the plays major characters are therefore created as figures that serve as implicit representations of Kleist's moral and political views. In The Broken Jug, Kleist constructs a literary structure in which symbolism plays a crucial role in defining the essential nature of the play. As a result of this structure, we often see discrepancies between the "real and symbolic" themes in the play. Kleist constructs the play and its characters around superficial appearances that later reveal their symbolic or "real" nature. A consistent theme in Kleist's work is that of trust and this aspect is figured prominently throughout the comedy. Kleist maintains a strong belief that all genuine human relationships should be based upon feelings expressed in the form of unquestioning confidence. This is because feelings derived from reason and rational, serve merely to deceive and create a false sensual experience that is not real. Emotional experiences that originate from the heart, however, cannot be deceived and are therefore authentic and real. Kleist therefore uses a form of juxtaposition in the play to create an almost irreconcilable tension between the idealistic notions of emotional freedom and that of determinism, which is defined by a sense of total and rational order. His work poses a paradox between the contradicting ideas on freedom and r... ...clever human being whose imagination enables him to escape the net of lies and excuses which he has, often deliberately, constructed. Operating from the "will to power" of his individual desires, Adam is driven by his desire for the young woman and eventually finds himself caught in the determinisms of the law and society. In addition to being an ambiguous symbol of a young woman's (potentially) lost reputation, the broken jug becomes a symbol of the "vessel" of the community that is being cracked by the self-centered actions of individuals. The jug is therefore crucial to an understanding of Eve's personality and to the re-attainment of some moral balance. In the final scene, The Broken Jug resorts to the traditional conclusion of marriage. Ruprecht asks for and receives Eve's forgiveness. Kleist uses their relationship to exhibit issues of individual freedom.

Half the Sky Documentary Evaluation

Half the Sky is a movie that discusses the oppression of women around the world. It brings to light the issues that, even in today's society, are still occurring. Women, young adults, and children everywhere in the world are becoming victims to abuse, rape, and being deprived of getting an education. This film documents Nikolas Kristof going around the world with the help of well known people in America to show some of the issues and some organizations that are working to change the way society views women and children. Early in the documentary a shocking statistic was given. It stated that around 60 million to 100 million females are currently missing out of the population. Where are all of these women going, and how are we letting this happen in today's societies? Females all around the world are becoming victims of genital mutilation, sex trafficking, rape, and abuse. Half the Sky is shedding light into some of the cultures around the world where this is a norm, and is trying to promote awareness. It discusses the reasons why these events are still taking place in current cultures, and what we can do about it to change the way people respond to these events. Some of the issues addressed in the movie Half the Sky are talking about women being oppressed in current societies. Women are constantly being put through human trafficking, violence, are being undereducated, and catching a ton of diseases from being raped. The people in this movie are trying to look at the issues of women not being treating equally and having the same rights as men in the 21st century. One of the main reasons this is happening is because men are never even caught, and when they are most of the time are shown no consequences. Another issue that first brought these issues in countries to light was that in China many females have gone missing due to the fact that it is more accepted to have a male born into your family, not a female. Children, primarily females, are being sold at shockingly young ages to brothels and are forced to be sex slaves. In so many countries it has become a norm for men to abuse women and use them as sex slaves. There are a few reasons there has been little progress made in changing the ways some cultures view women. One reason there has been no progress is because of the lack of punishment towards those causing the abuse. An example of this from Half the Sky is when they went into Sierra-Leone. There was a case where a teenage girl told her parents about her being raped by a relative, and they decided to press charges. After the man was captured, arrested, and placed in jail the family then became almost shunned by the community. After all this occurred the father in the family kicked the wife and child out. They said it was because the child had caused â€Å"shame† upon the family. Then the child forgave the man who had raped her, and many others, and he was released free; thus, causing the cycle to begin all over again. There is a huge lack of police forces investigating crimes, and men actually having consequences to their actions. A hard problem to solve is how we can fix these problems and change the way so many people feel about women. It's a slow and grueling process, but eventually if everybody does there part we can make a difference and create equality for all women. In every culture there's at least one organization out there trying to change the way women and children are treated in their society. The greatest challenge is when you have outsiders coming into a community to talk about these issues. Many people within a culture are not going to listen to an outsider, so we really need people within the communities to help change the way that society views the way their females are treated. We need people within the culture to empower others in that society to speak up and gain more followers. Secondly, we need to train societies to prosecute and investigate these crimes more thoroughly. If these countries don't have a strong justice system no changes can be made when those committing the crime don't see it as a crime. Thirdly, we need to educate children. Girls are likely to drop out of school at an age of fourteen or before to work for their family, whereas boys are likely to drop out at sixteen. Building an educated generation will help because then they can get a career and will not be caught in poverty like so many generations before them. Lastly, we need to bring all of these issues to light in countries that can help. We need more Americans to become aware of these issues, and reach out to help make them better. Nikolas Kristof said in Half the Sky, † Once people pay attention, that's the first step towards a solution. † All of this relates to sociology in many ways. One of the main ways it relates is because you see how something so looked down upon in one culture can be so socially acceptable in another culture. When somebody is accused and prosecuted for rape in America they are put in jail for a long time, and receive consequences for their actions. If you go to say Sierra-Leone, or Cambodia the person accused of rape will almost 100% of the time walk away with no consequences. It's all a matter of perspective and your culture you live in. Everybody needs to learn to be more culturally aware, and learn to help other cultures that aren't quite were we think they should be. Sociology is also related to Half the Sky because of the idea that it chases after women and children alone being oppressed. All in all, societies are all different in one way or another. Sociology helps us to understand the reasons people may act one way opposed to another, and how we can all work together to make a difference.

Tips for a Successful Relationship

Tips for a Successful alto conkher(prenominal)iance Ezell ORR Communication Instructor Macy Dailey October 17, 2011 ? Dear scalawag and Jill, My advice to you for a prospering and everlasting kin is squeeze outdid talk. With tabu good communication the consanguinity/engagework forcet leave non get around to the next level of pairing. In the origination your communication was limited to conversations of neutral agreements because of the sign stage of your birth. searchers establish represent that unitary of the reasons a new family is unremarkably so pleasant and friendly is that populate emphasize the interchange satisfactoryities they pick egress and ignore the differences (Brown & Rogers, 1991). As your relation blossoms the differences in twain of you go out surface. nigh maybe besides keen to entertain, and preempt be easily miss or digested. Constant differences amongst partners that atomic number 18 customary habits mess be discussed and set tle without harming the family.irrespective or overlooking major concerns such(prenominal) as, financial matters, sexual preferences, and raising of children tramp be harmful to the race if not handle properly. Counseling may be recommended or advis qualified in closely cases. Ein truth relationship is different, no cardinal relationship atomic number 18 the akin. As the relationship unfolds and you both suffer down to tell apart from each one(prenominal) oppositewise purify, you forget begin to press release development to the most other which was somewhat mystic at the start of the relationship. The closely in-chief(postnominal) characteristic of a deep inter face-to-face relationship is the self-disclosure of our innermost thoughts and feelings (Roeckelein, 1998).When you both begin to exchange soulal information, building avow and confidence that is a sign that the relationship is progressing. As the relationship progresses you ordain be more than inc line to disclose more of your identity. Self Disclosure is sometime give-and-take, where both parties take up equal risk when disclosing individualal information. Shargond disclosures will increase the exposure to being hurt or disrespected by others, and the fact that you both be in possession of commit so much of yourself may shuffling it complicated to break the bond you all have together.Forming a relationship with individual is not like what you see on TV. Communication problems arouse surface and break off the relationship or til now bring it to an end. Certain behaviors bottom of the inning really victimize a relationship. Being quiet, nice, and playing games these behaviors send packing damage a relationship and jut In the way of trust. Everyone makes to be silent at times, exclusively lengthy keep mum is not good for the relationship. Refusing to verbalise to soulfulness is frequently a federal agency of irresponsible the other person or exerting mi ghtiness in a relationship. If it is prolonged, it can even be a form of psychological abuse (Chang, 1996).It is best to try and talk things out oppose to not public lecture at all. You feel the old apothegm time heals everything so sometime it is better to allow things along for a temporary hookup if both of you controls that there is a problem. other ara of concern is being too nice or being excessively agreeable. Dont erect yourself in a position where you would rather permit person have their way or only if take the blame to pay the problem go away. compete Games will also destroy a relationship. In 1964, Eric capital of Switzerland wrote a best-selling raise titled Games People Play, which describes how populate sometimes have ulterior motives.He called these strategies games (capital of Switzerland, 1996). He defined games as a nonadaptive way of communicating, and it is a ostracise descriptor of interacting that can develop amid deal. Berne said, In most cases, the participants of the game be unaw ar that they atomic number 18 playing they have simply developed a dominion of interacting that is not constructive or multipurpose in growing the relationship. Playing games at the expense of someones feelings is never a good thing. Relationships can easily take a tour for the worst when games be involved. The games will depose when one of you decides to stop playing.The end subject of playing games is that sometimes ends with one person becoming angry or upset. Berne also states that regardless of the strategy, undecided and transparent communication can prevent the prolongation of a game and its effects on the parties involved. It is best to not play games and let the relationship run its course without every kind of interruptions. ? Another component of having a successful relationship is being a good seeer. Everybody who can speak, read, and write were taught to discover these trey components through parenting and schoo l.We take classes in reading, writing, or even speaking exclusively we rarely break of someone pickings classes in auditory modality. You cannot understand others, respond fittingly to what they say, and provide helpful feedback if you have not listened (Hayes, 1991). Listening is one of the most measurable factors in interpersonal communication. angiotensin converting enzyme account esti coadjutord that 45 per centum of all communication time is spent listening, compared with 30 pct speaking, 16 percent reading, and 9 percent writing (Hayes, 1991). roughly people are also generally inefficient listeners they tend to forget rather quickly what has been said. deep down 48 hours, we forget almost 50 percent of that information, for an overall retention of or so 25 percent efficiency (Lee & Hatesohl, 1993). Most people pretend that visualiseing is listening, but much more is involved than solely hearing something and waiting for it to get genetic to your brain to be inte rpreted. Effective listening is a process that requires six limpid components (1) motivating yourself to listen, (2) clearly hearing the heart and soul, (3) constructful attention to the message, (4) correctly interpreting the message, (5) evaluating the message, and (6) recall and responding appropriately (Adair, 2003).You all must limit to be motivated and have an open mind and be unforced to do something from one another. During conversation between the 2 of you make sure you can hear each other clearly without all interruption. Virginia Satir (1976) suggests that when you do not clearly hear the speaker, you often make up what you consider the other person said. We tend to make an assumption and thusly hold the other person responsible for not communicating impellingly. Paying Attention is another thinks of effective listening.Messages are sent by verbal and sign(a) means. To be an effective listener you must give your united attention to both verbal and nonverba l messages. Never jump to conclusion, let the other party finish their thoughts before you step in to ensure that you have interpreted the message correctly. ? Interpreting the wrong message or signal can provide in causing an interpersonal impinge. Being able to indentify deviation and handle it without incident will improve your relationship.Daniel Dana, a pioneer in the field of mediation, suggested that four factors must be present for a disagreement to be considered a conflict Two people are interdependent they each motivation something from the other. Both parties blame the other or find fault with them for causing the problem. One or more of the parties is angry or emotionally upset. The parties behaviors are affecting their relationship with each other and/When conflict emerges, tautness are high, and the relationship can be put in jeopardy if not resolved as soon as possible.In all relationships, whether friendly, romantic, or family, conflict is unavoidable. Conflict can be badly to your health because it has the potential to get out of control, but it can also have appraise that can reinforce the relationship. Researchers Patricia Noller and Judith Feeney (2002) report that some conflict may truly be good for a marriage over time and can lead to the personal growth of both parties if the ostracise communication is aimed at the other persons specific behavior and not at the whole person. Another scholar from Harvard University reported that conflict has other value as well.He noted, in businesses and other organizations, conflict increases the necessity to accomplish t looks, it helps people understand their positions because it brings issues out into the open and forces them to encourage their arguments, and it gives all parties to the conflict a great awareness of their own identities. Walton also suggested that conflict can help people be more creative in conclusion solutions to problems. Avoiding conflict is everlastingly better than promoting conflict. sometimes it is best to get away and let the air clear. When emotions are high and tensions are peaking, a little space between each other will straighten the atmosphere.I am not state to just sweep it under the carpet and hope it just go away. However, researchers found that the pattern that indicates a relationship is weakness is that angry lyric are exchanged, the fury escalates, and then the withdrawal occurs. In other linguistic process, in falling relationship, ostracise emotions elicit the interaction between the parties, who then withdraws from each other (Zautra, 2003). clinical psychologist and author Virginia Satir suggests that we are signly attracted to people because of what we have in common with them, but we grow on the basis of our differences (Aatir, 1976).When you first tackle someone you try and field them out. For a relationship to develop, you must have some initial interest. Some people will ask questions about another person , or they will watch someone to see if they meet the visible qualification. Some may listen to how someone speaks, there are several(prenominal) different techniques we use to gather information about someone whom we may be attracted to or want to get to spang better. Theorists conceptualize that several factors may play your attraction to certain people.These factors are physical proximity, physical draw, perceived brighten, and similarities and differences (Hartley, 1999). Physical attractiveness is one of the first thing most people explore prior to entertain a relationship. Some like their mate to be slim, some like them to be a little on the rotund side, some like them to be tall, short, or even short and round. Psychologists have found, however, that you are strongly influenced by prototypes of the idea manlike and female form as represent by media in our culture (Cattarin, Thompson, Thomas, & Williams, 2000).Some people is attracted to others because of what they va lue they can gain from being in the company of superstars or other high ranking individuals. Do you find yourself associating with people because who they are, or what you think they have and maybe you could be a part of it, in other develops, you just want to be seen with someone who you believe you can benefit from. You have believably heard the saying, Birds of a feather plunk together. Which saying is true? According to researchers, both are accurate (Hartley, 1999).It is good to know someone of importance or someone who is a superstar, but trying to put yourself in a position to gain something thru someone elses fame, it just not worth the trouble. If you grew up with someone who have recently gain fame and fortune and you privation to associate yourself with them and they welcome your interest that will be entirely up to you. horny Intelligence is another area you should be familiar with to have a successful relationship. Knowing how to control, communicate, and understa nd emotional feelings. randy Intelligence is similar to emotional health, the higher(prenominal) your emotional intelligence-the higher your emotional health is. Emotional health allows you to stay in touch with your own feelings term you are exposed to the feelings of others. It also enables you to handle flavours emotional setbacks in a healthy manner instead of taking your feelings on others (Segal, 1997). Emotional intelligence has three components (1) the ability to effectively perceive, communicate, and manage negative emotions (2) the ability to experience, communicate, and ustain corroboratory emotions and (3) the ability to apply perspective during difficult times and to get hold following stressful events (Zautra, 2003). Most positive and negative feeling you encounter is a condition of your thoughts and your interpretation of events within the relationship. Psychotherapist and author Richard Carlson (1997) suggests that you think of negative thoughts similar to the way you think about your inspirations. You may awaken and be upset about something that occurred in a dream.But you understand that dreaming is merely thinking while you are asleep, and you dismiss the negative dream because you realize that it is not reality. The negative thoughts you have while awake also come out real, but they are not needfully the truth. You can dismiss them like bad dreams and not allow them to spiral out of control until they divulge an entire daylight or even a lifetime. When negative thoughts assail you, Carlson suggests you remind yourself of the following We all produce a steady drift of thoughts, twenty-four hours a day. . . Pick and get which thoughts you wish to react to . Everybody has different moods happiness. You can be happy and be in a good mood, or you can be mad or doleful about something and keep your feelings inside and you can appear to be in a good mood. Moods are simply a part of being human, and being able to understand these moods oppose to letting them get the best of you will help you manage conflict. When you are in a good mood, everything look good, you feel good, and life if great. However, a bad mood can ruin your day and the people around you.We know that says are not things they are merely symbols that represent things. So as linguist Robin Tolmach Lakoff asks, How can something that is physically just puffs of air, a mere ministration for reality, have the power to change us and our terra firma? (Lakoff, 2001). lyric poem are very powerful, they can cause pain, damage, excitement, and they can chirk up you. Words are magical in the way they affect the minds of those who use them. A mere matter of voice communication, we say contemptuously, forgetting that words have power to mould mens thinking, to canalize their feeling, to direct their willing and acting.Conduct and character are generally determined by the nature of the words we currently use to discuss ourselves and the world around us. ( Huxley, 1940). One of the first things children do when they first learn language is to constitute parts of their bodies such as their eyes, mouths, or toes. They can say a word and touch the body part at the same time, so they tend to think that words have direct correlation with target areas in the physical world. Thus, as children, and then as adults, we are misled into thinking that this item or object is what the word means. Because we communicate with others, and they understand us, the word must mean the same to everyone else as it does to us (Kreidler, 1998). Words can mean different things to different people. Words are symbols, and they do not have the same essence to everyone. Words reflect attitude, some words can be skanky to some cultures and less offensive to others. When words are interpret wrong it can ca utilize confusion and problems. The meaning you interpret from a message is always personal and is the result of many factors including your personality and e xperiences.Communication always occurs in a context, so the meaning of a message often depends on the context of the communication. ? References Satir, V. (1976). Making Contact. Millbrae, CA celestial Arts. Zautra, A. J. (2003). Emotions, stress, and health. Cary, NC Oxford University Press. Segal, J. (1997). Raising your emotional intelligence A practical guide. New York Henry Holt. Huxley, A. (1940). Words and Their Meanings. Los Angeles, CA The Ward Ritchie Press. Hartley, P. (1999). Interpersonal communication. Florence, KY Routledge. Lakoff, R. T. (2010). nomenclature war.Ewing, NJ University of California Press. Cattarin, J. A. , Thompson, J. K. , Thomas, C. , & Williams, R. (2000). Body image, mood, and televised images of attractiveness. The usance of social comparison. Journal of Social and clinical Psychology, 19(2), 220239. Retrieved, March 9, 2011, from ProQuest Research Library. doi 55606627. Lee, D. , & Hatesohl, D. (1993). Listening Our most used communication ski ll. CM 150, Communications. University of Missouri Extension. Retrieved celestial latitude 5, 2010, from http//extension. missouri. edu/publications/DisplayPub. aspx? P=CM150?